Editorial: The plant cell wall: advances and current perspectives (2024)

Plant cells are surrounded by the cell wall, a dynamic component that shapes the cell and is key to their function. In developing tissues with an active cell elongation process, plant cells are surrounded by a primary cell wall (PCW), comprised of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, structural proteins, and, in grasses, phenolic compounds (Loqué etal., 2015). The PCW is responsible for maintaining cell shape and expanding cell size, bestowing it with mechanical strength, minimizing water loss and protecting it against stresses. A secondary cell wall (SCW) is deposited internally to the PCW once cell elongation ceases to allow specialized cells to perform their function. SCWs are composed of cellulose and hemicellulose impregnated by the phenolic polymer lignin, resulting in a complex and rigid structure that provides physical strength and hydrophobicity to supportive and water-transporting tissues (Meents etal., 2018). Cell walls also constitute the majority of plant biomass and thus play a crucial role in the food and biofuel industries (Burton and Fincher, 2014). Given that PCWs are thought to contain just a few layers of cellulose microfibrils whereas the SCWs contain hundreds, lignified SCWs account for the majority of plant biomass (Zeng etal., 2014). The proportions and chemical composition of the major components of the SCW also vary among cell types and plant species, and their physicochemical properties will ultimately determine biomass digestibility, thereby modulating nutrient release, gut biota, and health (Zhao etal., 2012; Burton and Fincher, 2014). This property also influences the production of biofuels, e.g. biomass fermentation to produce bioethanol. Understanding the distinct aspects of cell wall biology is therefore crucial for improving the production of plant-based biomaterials and developing plants with important characteristics for the food, agricultural, and bioenergy industries.

This Research Topic aimed to collate a wide spectrum of perspectives and advances in plant cell wall research. Thirteen articles were accepted for publication, and they are organized into two sections: 1) Advances in plant cell wall deposition/assembly/biogenesis; and 2) Biotechnological strategies toward optimized plant cell walls for the bioeconomy.

Advances in plant cell wall deposition/assembly/biogenesis

In this Research Topic, important advances in plant cell wall biogenesis were reported. Paterlini etal. performed biochemical characterization of the cell wall of Arabidopsis thaliana plasmodesmata, which are membrane-lined pores involved in the symplastic transport of biological molecules between neighbouring cells. Xyloglucans and pectins were shown to account for around 60% of the plasmodesmata cell wall, whereas enzymatic fingerprinting revealed specific polysaccharide signatures: most xyloglucans were fucosylated, hom*ogalacturonans were not extensively methyl-esterified, rhamnogalacturonan I showed limited branching and rhamnogalacturonan II was highly methyl-acetylated. These data open new opportunities for the study of plasmodesmata function. Li etal. found numerous cell wall-related transcripts were differentially regulated when comparing transcriptomes during endosperm cellularization and endosperm differentiation of Arabidopsis wild-type and the N-terminal acetyltransferase A subunit 15 (naa15) mutant where these processes are abnormal. Chen etal. used a rice rolling-leaf mutant, rlm1-D, to demonstrate that its phenotype, characterized by rolling leaves, is mainly caused by abnormal secondary cell wall (SCW) deposition. RLM1 was cloned by a map-based method and found to encode an R2R3 MYB transcription factor that can bind to the promoter of CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE 2 (OsCAD2), a key gene responsible for lignin biosynthesis in rice. An interacting partner of RLM1, MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 10 (OsMAPK10), was also identified and the authors proposed a MAPK-MYB-OsCAD2 genetic regulatory network controlling SCW deposition, providing novel insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms controlling leaf morphology in rice.

By analyzing published pressure–volume curves and measures of succulence in 25 species of the order Caryophyllales, Fradera-Soler etal. showed that elastic adjustment, whereby plants change cell wall elasticity, is uniquely beneficial to succulents for avoiding turgor loss. The authors also studied phylogenetically diverse succulent species to demonstrate several differences in cell wall biochemistry between succulent and non-succulent leaves, pointing to the existence of what they called “succulent glycome”. Dabravolski and Isayenkov discuss in a review the roles of cell wall components in salt stress tolerance and the regulatory mechanisms underlying cell wall maintenance under salt stress conditions. Xylan is emerging as the key polymer in SCW for linking polysaccharide and lignin components but is also present in PCW (Terrett and Dupree, 2019; Tryfona etal., 2023). New results suggesting separate xylan synthase complexes for PCW and SCW in Arabidopsis are discussed by Anders etal. In grass PCW and SCW, xylan is decorated with arabinose some of which have hydroxycinnamates attached (Scheller and Ulvskov, 2010; Terrett and Dupree, 2019). There are two articles on AT10, the BAHD acyltransferase enzyme responsible for addition of p-coumarate to arabinoxylan. Moller etal. showed that abolition of OsAT10 by CRISPR/Cas9 almost abolished this linkage in rice. Houston etal. reported that a natural knock-out variant of the HvAT10 ortholog in barley caused much lower levels of this linkage in barley grain cell walls. The role of p-coumarate on arabinoxylan is unclear but the similar ferulate decoration appears to be crucial in cross-linking arabinoxylan chains to each other and to lignin in grass cell walls as discussed in the review article by Chandrakanth etal. which also covers hydroxycinnamate decoration of lignin. Another feature of grass cell walls is the presence of (1,3;1,4)- β-glucan synthesized by CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE F6 (CSLF6). New evidence on control of transcription of this gene in barley grain is presented in Garcia-Gimenez etal.

Biotechnological strategies toward optimized plant cell walls for the bioeconomy

Engineering cell walls is a key strategy to generate optimized crops with enhanced processability to produce biofuels and other bioproducts in biorefineries (Loqué etal., 2015). When targeting lignin, two strategies are envisaged: reducing lignin content and altering lignin structure/composition. De Meester etal. reported on the engineering of curcumin, a natural metabolite harboring two phenolic rings linked by a labile aliphatic chain, as an alternative monomer incorporating into poplar lignin. By expressing two curcumin biosynthetic genes under the control of a SCW-specific promoter, curcumin was produced and incorporated into the lignified cell walls of poplar. However, different from what has been reported for Arabidopsis (Oyarce etal., 2019), the curcumin-producing transgenic poplars suffered from yield penalties in addition to altered cell wall composition. More importantly, the saccharification efficiency of the transgenic lines was not different from that of the control plants, suggesting that translating this strategy from Arabidopsis to crops will likely demand further optimization. In another strategy to alter lignin composition, Shafiei etal. reported on the down-regulation of the lignin biosynthetic gene ferulate 5-hydroxylase (F5H) in barley, which resulted in reduced syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio in the straw. Interestingly, parameters such as lignin content, straw mechanical properties, plant growth habit, grain characteristics, and saccharification efficiency all remained unaffected. These results suggest that altering S/G composition had little effect on plant development and biomass processability in barley. For grass biomass in general, targeting the ferulate responsible for cross-linking lignin to polysaccharide in SCW is seen as a promising approach to enhance saccharification, as is boosting of ester-linked ferulate on lignin in all plant biomass, both achieved by manipulation of BAHD genes (Chandrakanth etal.). Bioenergy and biorefining require specific biomass characteristics of a crop variety. Based on a detailed cell wall analyses of above-ground biomass (comprised of stem and leaf material) of 49 representative genotypes of the genus Miscanthus, Iacono etal. identified a number of cell wall related variables important for biomass recalcitrance. Their results emphasize the inter- and intra- specific variation in cell wall characteristics and biomass recalcitrance and the importance of also considering yield- and organ-related parameters when analyzing cell wall properties and biomass recalcitrance aimed at improving Miscanthus as a biomass crop.

The characterization of the molecular mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis and deposition of the major cell wall components is essential not only for our understanding of how cell walls evolved as a dynamic component playing key roles in plant growth and development but also to allow the rational engineering of plant cell walls for the bioeconomy. Articles in this Research Topic provide novel insights into cell wall biogenesis and exciting biotechnological strategies for the optimization of plant biomass for biorefineries.

Author contributions

WS, IC and RM wrote about every article they each edited. All authors provided feedback on the Editorial. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Acknowledgments

We thank all the authors that have participated in this topic for their important contributions.

Funding Statement

IC is indebted to Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) for the research grant n° 2021/06142-8 and to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for the research fellowship 302626/2022-0. WRS would like to thank FAPESP for the research grant 2019/04878-7.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

References